woman laying on a couch with period cramps
woman laying on a couch with period cramps
woman laying on a couch with period cramps

Period Pain: Could It Be Endometriosis?

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No woman looks forward to “that time of the month.“我们大多数人都会经历情绪波动、腹胀和痉挛,这一点都不好玩. 但对于那些患有子宫内膜异位症的人来说,来月经往往是特别难以忍受的. 对她们来说,普通的月经绝不是普通的,还会带来令人虚弱的痉挛.

During a typical menstrual cycle, 子宫内的内膜——子宫内膜——会逐渐形成,然后脱落. For women with endometriosis, that lining grows outside the uterus, 通常在卵巢周围或子宫下方称为后死囊的区域. 随着衬里的堆积和破裂,它会导致骨盆内少量出血. This leads to pain, inflammation, swelling and scarring. 

If you think you might have endometriosis, you aren’t alone. The condition affects hundreds of thousands of women every year.

Watch out for these five symptoms

Johns Hopkins gynecologist Khara Simpson, M.D. says there are five common signs of endometriosis. Here’s what you should watch out for: 

  1. Painful periods. Most of us have cramps during our periods, 但患有子宫内膜异位症的女性通常会有使人虚弱的疼痛,这种疼痛会使她们无法工作或照顾自己或家人. “Mild discomfort with periods may be normal, 但是疼痛妨碍女性工作、上学或其他日常活动是不正常的,应该由妇科医生进行评估,” Simpson says.
  2. Chronic pelvic pain. 有时,即使没有月经,女性也会有慢性严重的盆腔疼痛. This can be due to advanced or refractory disease and scarring.
  3. Painful intercourse. 这种常见的症状,也被称为性交困难,可能是由于子宫内膜异位症. 在插入过程中,患有子宫内膜异位症的女性可能会有强烈的局部疼痛. 
  4. Ovarian cysts. 而许多卵巢囊肿是正常的,不需要治疗就会消退, 与子宫内膜异位症相关的囊肿(子宫内膜异位症)是子宫内膜异位症的另一个标志. 它们可能会变大、疼痛,可能需要通过手术切除.
  5. Infertility. 不孕症的定义是尽管在没有避孕的情况下有规律的性交,但在一年内没有怀孕. 大约25%到50%的不孕女性患有子宫内膜异位症, 哪一种会通过造成疤痕组织、输卵管损伤和炎症而导致不孕. 研究还表明,子宫内膜异位症会影响卵子质量,减少体内卵子数量. 

辛普森说,这五种症状并不是子宫内膜异位症独有的.

“仅凭症状很难确定疼痛的根源是什么.e., 子宫内膜异位症与其他疾病的对比——这就是为什么我建议所有月经疼痛的患者去看医生. 可能提示子宫内膜异位症的其他症状包括性交困难(性交痛)和/或排便困难(排便痛)。. ”Pelvic pain can also be caused by scar tissue, previous infections, pelvic floor myalgias or other, 非妇科综合症,如膀胱疼痛综合征和易怒或 inflammatory bowel syndromes.

“重要的是,”辛普森指出,“许多患有子宫内膜异位症的女性没有疼痛或症状.”

Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery

MIGS team

At Johns Hopkins, 我们的专家擅长先进的微创手术技术, including complex hysteroscopic, gynecologic laparoscopic/robotic, and fertility related surgery, to treat a range of complex gynecologic conditions such as fibroids, abnormal bleeding, endometriosis and ovarian cysts. 微创手术的好处包括更快的恢复时间, less pain and decreased risk of infection.

Diagnosing and Treating Endometriosis

If you have any of the above symptoms, see your gynecologist. 患有不孕症的妇女可能会被转介给生殖内分泌学家或生育专家. Some doctors specialize in pelvic pain and endometriosis. 

为了确认诊断,你的医生可能会进行微创手术 laparoscopy.

“Endometriosis can only be diagnosed surgically,” Simpson explains. 痛经或经期疼痛是子宫内膜异位症的标志性症状之一, but it can occur in up to 90% of women in general, with severe symptoms occurring in up to 30%. It is estimated that 7%–15% of women have endometriosis. 由于痛经在普通人群中的发病率较高,而子宫内膜异位症的发病率较低, 我们通常从保守疗法开始,比如消炎药——布洛芬——和/或节育.”

“手术评估通常用于难治性疼痛的女性——保守治疗无法改善疼痛——患有不孕症的女性或患有大子宫内膜异位瘤的女性, which are unlikely to improve with conservative therapy.”

During a minimally invasive laparoscopy procedure, a thin, lighted tube is placed into a tiny abdominal incision. 这使得医生可以看到盆腔器官,并取少量组织进行活检以做出诊断.

如果在保守治疗或诊断性腹腔镜检查后疼痛或症状仍然存在, 可能需要寻求子宫内膜异位症或骨盆疼痛中心/专家进行进一步评估,” Simpson says.

Often, 症状可以通过服用避孕药等药物来控制, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists or antagonists (e.g., leuprolide acetate and elagolix). 两者都抑制脑垂体释放刺激子宫内膜异位症的激素. 其他可能有助于缓解子宫内膜异位症症状的保守疗法包括:

  • Take anti-inflammatory pain medication, such as ibuprofen, at regular intervals as recommended on the medication label, 大约在月经开始前24小时,直到月经结束.
  • 使用暖气,比如洗个热水澡或在背部和小腹敷上加热垫.
  • If you have bowel symptoms such as bloating or nausea, 饮食改变,如减少加工食品和乳制品可能会有所帮助.
  • 有规律的锻炼有助于增加内啡肽,改善身心健康.

“Severe pelvic pain with periods is not normal,” says Simpson. “Women should seek evaluation and treatment of their symptoms, 如果他们怀疑子宫内膜异位症,而他们的主治医生还没有解决这个问题,那么就去看第二医生.”

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